Autism
Overview
Autism is a term generally referring to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests. Symptoms appear in early childhood, and because the severity and presentation vary greatly among individuals, it is understood as a "spectrum."
Main Content
Definition and Classification
In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), autism was integrated into Autism Spectrum Disorder, encompassing previous categories such as Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. ICD-11 also adopts similar criteria. The core features are summarized along two axes: first, persistent deficits in social communication and interaction; second, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
Causes
Genetic factors account for the largest proportion, and recent research indicates that hundreds of genetic variants are involved. Epigenetic factors, advanced parental age, birth complications, and certain environmental factors may interact to increase the risk of onset. The association with vaccines has been refuted by multiple studies; the 1998 Lancet paper was found to be fraudulent and was retracted.
Symptoms
Symptoms begin to become noticeable between 12 and 24 months of age, but some individuals are diagnosed in adulthood. Major symptoms include avoiding eye contact, not responding to one's name, indifference to peer play, absence of pretend play, echolalia (immediate and delayed repetition of speech), atypical tone of voice, and difficulties with nonverbal communication. Repetitive behaviors include hand flapping or rocking, excessive attachment to specific objects or topics, intense resistance to minor changes in routine, and over- or under-reactivity to sensory stimuli.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made through clinical observation and parental interviews, with standardized tools such as ADOS-2 and ADI-R. Early signs can be detected before 18 months, and a stable diagnosis is reported to be possible before age 2. Intelligence and language assessments may also be used to identify co-occurring intellectual disability or language developmental status.
Treatment and Management
There is currently no cure for autism, but early intensive behavioral intervention (ABA), social skills training, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and sensory integration therapy help alleviate symptoms and improve functioning. Medication may also be used for co-occurring conditions such as anxiety, depression, attention deficits, and epilepsy. In the 2020s, interventions utilizing digital therapeutics and virtual reality (VR) are being studied.
Recent Trends
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2024, the prevalence of ASD among 8-year-old children in the United States was reported as 1 in 36 (approximately 2.8%), continuing to increase. This is attributed to expanded diagnostic criteria, improved awareness, and early screening. In 2025, with advances in genetic testing technology, research on rare variants and polygenic risk scores is being actively conducted, laying the foundation for personalized treatment. In addition, with the spread of the neurodiversity movement, there is a paradigm shift from "treatment" to "acceptance" and "support," and social discussion on the quality of life and employment support for autistic adults is expanding.
Related Topics
- [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
- [[Developmental disability]]
- [[Asperger syndrome]]
- [[Neurodiversity]]
- [[Social skills training]]